Comprehensive comparison of Bitwarden with alternative self-hosted password managers and secrets management platforms for Linux DevOps teams.
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Use | Password Manager | Password Manager | Secrets Manager | Team Passwords | Enterprise Vault |
| License | AGPL-3.0 | GPL-3.0 | AGPL-3.0 | AGPL-3.0 | Apache-2.0 |
| Language | .NET/C# | Rust | Node.js/Go | PHP/JS | Python/JS |
| Database | MSSQL, SQLite | SQLite, PostgreSQL | PostgreSQL | MySQL/MariaDB | PostgreSQL |
| Docker | ✅ 11 containers | ✅ Single container | ✅ Multiple | ✅ Multiple | ✅ Multiple |
| SSO/SAML | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ Pro | ✅ |
| 2FA | ✅ Multiple | ✅ TOTP, WebAuthn | ✅ | ✅ TOTP | ✅ TOTP, U2F |
| Passkeys | ✅ FIDO2/WebAuthn | ✅ WebAuthn | ❌ | ✅ FIDO2 | ✅ FIDO2 |
| CLI | ✅ Official | ✅ Community | ✅ Official | ✅ Official | ✅ Official |
| Mobile Apps | ✅ Official | ✅ Use Bitwarden apps | ❌ | ✅ Official | ✅ Official |
| Secrets Manager | ✅ Separate product | ❌ | ✅ Core feature | ❌ | ✅ Built-in |
| Audit Logs | ✅ Enterprise | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Compliance | SOC 2, HIPAA | ❌ | SOC 2 | SOC 2 | ISO 27001 |
| Latest Version | 2026.2.0 | 1.35.4 | v0.158.5 | 5.9.0 | 15.x |
| Best For | Enterprise, Teams | Personal, Small teams | DevOps, Infrastructure | Teams, SMB | Enterprise |
GitHub: https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden
Overview:
Vaultwarden (formerly bitwarden_rs) is an unofficial lightweight Bitwarden-compatible server written in Rust. It’s a popular alternative for personal and small team use.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Latest Version | 1.35.3 (February 2025) |
| Docker Image | ghcr.io/dani-garcia/vaultwarden:1.35.3 |
| Resource Usage | ~50MB RAM, minimal CPU |
| Database | SQLite (default), PostgreSQL, MySQL |
| Architecture | Single binary, single container |
Pros:
Cons:
Best For:
Documentation: Vaultwarden
Website: https://infisical.com
GitHub: https://github.com/Infisical/infisical
Overview:
Infisical is a modern secrets management platform designed for DevOps teams. Focus on infrastructure secrets, API keys, and application configuration.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Latest Version | 0.93.x (July 2025) |
| Docker Image | infisical/infisical:v0.93.1-postgres |
| Resource Usage | ~500MB RAM, 1+ CPU |
| Database | PostgreSQL, MongoDB |
| Architecture | Microservices, Kubernetes-ready |
Pros:
Cons:
Best For:
Documentation: Infisical
Website: https://www.passbolt.com
GitHub: https://github.com/passbolt/passbolt_api
Overview:
Passbolt is an open-source password manager designed for teams. Focus on collaboration and secure sharing with OpenPGP encryption.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Latest Version | 5.8 (December 2025) |
| Docker Image | passbolt/passbolt:5.8.0-1-debian |
| Resource Usage | ~300MB RAM, 1+ CPU |
| Database | MariaDB, MySQL |
| Architecture | LAMP stack, Docker, Kubernetes |
Pros:
Cons:
Best For:
Documentation: Passbolt
Website: https://psono.com
GitHub: https://github.com/psono/psono-server
Overview:
Psono is an enterprise-grade open-source password manager with advanced features for large organizations.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Latest Version | 15.x (2025) |
| Docker Image | psono/psono-server:15.1 |
| Resource Usage | ~400MB RAM, 1+ CPU |
| Database | PostgreSQL |
| Architecture | Python/Django, microservices |
Pros:
Cons:
Best For:
Documentation: Psono
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero-Knowledge Encryption | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ (OpenPGP) | ✅ |
| 2FA TOTP | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| 2FA WebAuthn/FIDO2 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
| 2FA YubiKey | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
| 2FA Duo | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
| SSO SAML | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ Pro | ✅ |
| SSO OIDC | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ Pro | ✅ |
| LDAP/AD Sync | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| SCIM Provisioning | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Emergency Access | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Hardware Keys | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Docker Deployment | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Kubernetes | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Single Container | ✅ Lite | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Database Options | MSSQL, SQLite | SQLite, PG, MySQL | PG, MongoDB | MySQL, MariaDB | PostgreSQL |
| High Availability | ✅ | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ | ✅ Galera | ✅ |
| Backup Tools | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| ARM64 Support | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web Vault | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Browser Extensions | ✅ All major | ✅ All major | ❌ | ✅ Major | ✅ Major |
| Desktop Apps | ✅ Win, Mac, Linux | ❌ (use web) | ❌ | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ Win, Mac, Linux |
| Mobile Apps | ✅ iOS, Android | ✅ (use Bitwarden) | ❌ | ✅ iOS, Android | ✅ iOS, Android |
| CLI | ✅ Official | ✅ Community | ✅ Official | ✅ Official | ✅ Official |
| SDKs/API | ✅ Multiple | ⚠️ Community | ✅ Multiple | ✅ REST API | ✅ REST API |
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Password Vault | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Infrastructure Secrets | ✅ (Secrets Manager) | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Dynamic Secrets | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Secret Rotation | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Certificate Management | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| SSH Key Management | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| API Key Storage | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| CI/CD Integration | ✅ | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ | ⚠️ Limited | ⚠️ Limited |
| Kubernetes Integration | ✅ | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Feature | Bitwarden | Vaultwarden | Infisical | Passbolt | Psono |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOC 2 Type II | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠️ Aligned |
| HIPAA | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ⚠️ Possible | ⚠️ Possible |
| GDPR | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| ISO 27001 | ⚠️ Aligned | ❌ | ⚠️ Aligned | ⚠️ Aligned | ✅ |
| Audit Logs | ✅ Enterprise | ⚠️ Limited | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Event Reporting | ✅ Enterprise | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Security Audits | ✅ Regular | ⚠️ Community | ✅ Regular | ✅ Regular | ✅ Regular |
| Platform | Free Self-Hosted | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Bitwarden | ✅ | No SSO, limited policies |
| Vaultwarden | ✅ All features | Unofficial, no enterprise support |
| Infisical | ✅ | Limited users, basic features |
| Passbolt | ✅ | Limited features, no SSO |
| Psono | ✅ | Community edition limitations |
| Platform | Free | Premium | Teams | Enterprise |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bitwarden | $0 | $10/year | $3 | Custom |
| Vaultwarden | N/A (self-host only) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Infisical | $0 | $5 | $12 | Custom |
| Passbolt | $0 | – | $5 | Custom |
| Psono | $0 | – | €6 | Custom |
| To Platform | Migration Tool | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|
| Vaultwarden | Direct DB migration | Easy |
| Infisical | CSV import, API | Medium |
| Passbolt | CSV import | Easy |
| Psono | CSV import | Easy |
| From Platform | Migration Tool | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|
| Vaultwarden | Direct DB migration | Easy |
| Infisical | CSV import | Easy |
| Passbolt | CSV import | Easy |
| Psono | CSV import | Easy |
| LastPass | Official importer | Easy |
| 1Password | Official importer | Easy |
| KeePass | Official importer | Easy |
| Use Case | Recommended | Alternative |
|---|---|---|
| Personal Use | Vaultwarden | Bitwarden Lite |
| Small Team (≤20) | Bitwarden | Passbolt |
| Medium Business (20-200) | Bitwarden | Psono |
| Enterprise (200+) | Bitwarden | Psono |
| DevOps/Infrastructure | Infisical | Bitwarden Secrets Manager |
| Home Lab | Vaultwarden | Bitwarden Lite |
| Regulated Industry | Bitwarden | Psono (ISO 27001) |
| Budget-Conscious | Vaultwarden | Bitwarden (free tier) |
| SSO Required | Bitwarden | Psono, Passbolt |
| Kubernetes Native | Infisical | Bitwarden |
| Team Size | Best Choice | Why |
|---|---|---|
| 1-5 users | Vaultwarden | Lightweight, all features free |
| 5-50 users | Bitwarden | Good balance, official support |
| 50-200 users | Bitwarden | Enterprise features, SSO |
| 200+ users | Bitwarden / Psono | Scalability, compliance |
| DevOps Teams | Infisical | Infrastructure-focused |
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